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The greatest traveler of Muslims, and most pontoons in the horizons, and Overhm active and inclusive news, and most care update for the social situation in the country, where he traveled. The interview goes long trips to events, radiating life, and testifies that Ibn Battuta was the adventurers who do not acknowledge their decision, and who are motivated by curiosity and the desire to enjoy life to ride hard things. Muhammad ibn Battuta was born in the city of Tangier year 703 AH / 1304 of a prominent family. He left his homeland 725 years for the performance of the Hajj, but remained about twenty-eight years in the travel-related trips and consecutive. And finally threw a stick traveling in the city of Fez, and called my father Bsultanha Marinid Annan, and was impressed by this authority, including the Ibn Battuta Iks talk of his travels, I ordered the author to write down you very much to the dictates of the traveler. He took Ibn Jizzi novel trip and summed up, arrange, and add some poetry to it and achieve some of their parts, drawing books flights, known in that era, especially flight Ibn Jabir, and then he called «a masterpiece principals in the Strange Things regions and wonders of travel», and finished them year 757 AH / 1356 AD.
Is Muhammad bin Abdullah bin Mohammed who Tunja, was born in 703 AH 1304. When he was twenty-second-old decided to leave the city of Tangier on a pilgrimage, and so went out Ibn Battuta from Marrakech passing Algeria, Tunisia and Libya to Egypt, to go south to the country level and follow through the Red Sea, but was unsuccessful in that he returned to Fustat and deported them to countries Sham and Hijaz for the Hajj pilgrimage to lead for the first time. When he arrived at Mecca and the Tour de come attached Bastar Kaaba, drinking from the water of Zamzam before seeking between Safa and Marwah. Description of Ibn Battuta Grand Mosque and the square and the doors also pointed to the role of Caliph al-Mahdi, son of Caliph Abu Jafar al-Mansur in the expansion of the mosque in 167 AH, and described the Kaaba: height, view, and doors and Ostarha and gutter the holy black stone, and pointed out that the door of the Kaaba is open after every Friday as well as opened on the birthday of the Prophet peace be upon him.
Kaaba was not without some professionalIbn Battuta and shows his surprise and admiration of the status of the Kaaba, while writing in his journey "of the wonders they are not without some professional ever day and night, did not say that one never saw her without some professional ..." After that he stopped at the Grand Mosque said the doors, and a description of Safa and Marwa and the distance between them, did not fail a male and a major commercial market to the side of the road. The Ibn Battuta to the virtues of the people of Mecca, describing them as the owners (Makarem full and good morals and altruism of the weak and out-good-neighborly and to the strangers) also pointed to the women of Mecca and he said they (with Salah and Afaf), noted guide them to circle the Holy Mosque in every Friday night and are in the best costume and radiant Accessories and good smell. Speaking of Ibn Battuta in his book about many of the scholars of Mecca and the city judge them Najm al-Din Muhammad al-Tabari and preacher of Mecca, Bahaa El Din al-Tabari. He also pointed to the Haram al-Sharif Imam Maliki, al-Faqih Abu Abdullah Muhammad, the imam of the Hanafi Shahabuddin Ahmed bin Ali and Imam Hanbali Muhammad ibn Uthman.
Eating once a dayDue to the stay of Ibn Battuta a long time in Mecca, waiting for the Hajj have noted some of the social customs of the inhabitants of that saying (and the people of Mecca did not eat in the day only once, and confined them to such time and wanted to eat throughout the day, eating dates and therefore correct their bodies and told them diseases and disabilities). He noted that once the stability of the new moon of Rajab, Emir of Mecca is beating drums and trumpets mark the onset of the month and went and rode it to circle the Sacred House. Also celebrated the people of Mecca to celebrate solemnly the umrah Rajab, Ibn Battuta said he saw the streets of Mecca for the twenty-seventh of Rajab was packed with pilgrims Balhoadj and the beauty of it and smoothing out to the front of candles and torches. Ibn Battuta did not forget to note the presence of the people of the vicinity of Mecca for Umrah after July to bring them grain, ghee, honey and other goods, which contributes to the provision of goods to the pilgrims at cheap prices as well. Attended by Ibn Battuta on the middle of August in Mecca stated that it is a blessed night when the people of Mecca, where the initiate where to cruise and prayer groups at the Grand Mosque after lighting the lamps and bulbs as well as the light of the moon, and they perform one hundred rak'ahs and some of them roam the Sacred House, and others came out of the in order to perform Umrah.
Ding thereabouts for the reception of RamadanAccording to Ibn Battuta that when the holy month of Ramadan for the year 726 AH is Emir of Mecca drums and thereabouts (machines, wooden high sound), and a ceremony for the Holy Mosque, which was renovated a few tags, and increased wax and torches it, as noted by the prayer behind the Imam different faiths around the Kaaba as well as the presence of many of the readers of the Koran so (.. do not stay on campus corner in one hand only and the reader to pray for his Firtj the mosque of the votes of readers, and fallen short of the soul, and prepare hearts). He also spoke of the time treat during Ramadan in Mecca, referring to the (muezzin Zemzemi ) in the silo in the eastern corner of the Temple Mount and pray male and incitement to suhoor in addition to many other callers. At the top of each silo in Mecca wooden stage was erected a big comment so that the Guendelan of glass the entire time so that if suhoor dawn approached ears are amortized these Alguendelan again and again and then begin muezzins in prayer. The inhabitants of Mecca who are not up to them as a result of prayer, they look at their homes away from the top surfaces of their homes if they saw Alguendelan Amadaan they Baltzhr If Rohma Mtafoan quit food.
The Ibn Battuta that the people of Mecca celebrating Balashr the first of Ramadan, who shall in every night one of the sons of leaders of Mecca seal of the Koran in front of judge and senior scholars, and after that held a platform decorated with silk to give a speech to the people of it, and after the completion of the engagement the father invited the audience to a feast house. Ibn Battuta and refers in particular to the night of the twenty-seventh is the greatest celebration of all other nights so that it is also the Qur'aan so that a high incidence of reading the Qur'an as well as a significant increase in candles and torches.
Similar accounts of travelers with the passage of timeWe can see here the similarity between the novel traveler Ibn Jabir Andalusian and narrated by Ibn Battuta Moroccan despite differences in time of the performance of the pilgrimage (the sixth to the eighth century AH) on how to receive the prince and the people of Mecca for Ramadan and how Altzhar and the use of lamps lit to that, as well as please the seal the Koran in the last ten nights of it and the people of Upper-class residents of Mecca, the seal of the Qur'an in the nights before a judge of Mecca and jurists, and then doing a keynote and affluent parents to establish their banquets of the population of Mecca. And celebrating the great night of the twenty-seventh of Ramadan and we can understand from the above that those good habits continued throughout two centuries as it is. Ibn Battuta describes the willingness of the Meccans to Astkabl Eid al-Fitr and remember that they lit their candles and torches and lamps so that the illuminated surface of the entire campus and spend the night in the muezzins acclaim and zoom in and praise, while taking present in the prayer, circumambulation, male and supplication. After emptying the people of Mecca to perform the morning prayer wearing the best of their clothes and head to perform the Eid prayer, the Noble Sanctuary and then people come to peace, shake hands and go to enter the Kaaba, and then go out to the cemetery gate Alli to visit the graves of companions and advances the common good.
Beating the drums for prayer!Ibn Battuta stayed in Makkah after that until the date of the first argument 726 AH mentions that he was rolling up (raise) the cover of the Kaaba or Kaaba ihraam the twenty-seventh day of Dhul preserve its push and pull, which can be exposed to him by the pilgrims and seem eager for. He also mentioned that once the solutions the first day of the month of Dhu al-Hijjah are beating the drums at times of prayer until the day of Arafat, and climb to the seventh day of the month, casting a sermon the Imam Mosque after noon prayers in order to teach people how to perform the Hajj. And climb were present for the performance of the duty to Mina on the eighth day, accompanied by the princes of Egypt and the Levant, Iraq and in the ninth day of Dhul-Hijjah is gone after everyone from Mina to Arafat, the morning prayer. He said that Eid was a pause on Thu, did not fail to point out some important figures that the performance of the rite of Hajj that year, including Prince Argon Aldoadar Viceroy al-Nasir Muhammad Mamluk, and his wife. Left Ibn Battuta, pilgrims and Arafat after sunset to Muzdalifah late, where the combined Maghrib and Isha as the year the Prophet peace be upon him and after that came the morning in Muzdalifah went to Mina, where he threw Jamra Aqaba, and the pilgrims slaughter and sacrifice, then shaved, and the sweet of everything with the exception of women and perfume, even ifaadah, and Ibn Battuta noted that the covering of the Kaaba came from Egypt, they cover the Kaaba by the Day of Sacrifice, describing it as a pitch-black silk, and written by many of the Quranic verses. Did not fail to point out that Nasser is the King who is the covering of the Kaaba as well as pension guaranteed by the judge and the Khatib and the imams and muezzins Lafrahin and what needs to Haram al-Sharif of wax and oil each year. After the completion of the Hajj for the first time, Ibn Battuta left Makkah towards Iraq on the twentieth of the month of Dhu al-Hijjah 726 AH.
Algeria and LibyaWhen he arrived in Algeria, a convoy of Ibn Battuta spent some time outside the walls of the city to join more pilgrims. When the city of Bejaia, Ibn Battuta's health deteriorated. However, it remained determined to go further and not being left behind because of his health. Referring to this incident, says: "If God died for me, it will be my death on the road, my face split Mimma Mecca." During the march of the convoy in the territory of Libya, Ibn Battuta found it appropriate for him to marry the daughter of a Tunisian trader with them in the convoy traveling to the Hajj. Ibn Battuta was married in the city of Tripoli, but the marriage did not last long because it opposes the new with diet. But it seems that this did not bother much Ibn Battuta speeches soon another girl is the daughter of pilgrims from Fez. This time the wedding was a full day of festivities.
Egypt and SyriaBegan approaching the convoy from Egypt. The stunned Cairo Ibn Battuta, as was as it is today, most Arab cities vocal and active, and this he decided to go in a few months. It is still before the Hajj in any case eight months. Cairo was as described by Ibn Battuta "mother of cities, mistress of broad provinces and territories of fruit, no limit to the multitude of buildings, peerless in beauty and splendor, the Forum Alraúh and goer, the market weak and the strong ... extend a tidal wave the sea, including the creation of barely Tsahm ..."
Ibn Battuta stayed in Cairo for about a month. When he left them decided to go it indirectly to Mecca as long as several months separated from the date of the pilgrimage. He went to Damascus, which was then the second capital of the Mamluk state in Egypt. This was not part of the journey of Ibn Battuta eventful, perhaps for the establishment of security in the relatively Mamluk era. But Damascus, Ibn Battuta charmed atmosphere of tolerance and solidarity that prevails there. Says about them: "diversity and expenses of religious endowments at Damascus are beyond computation. There are endowments for those unable pilgrimage to Mecca, which are paid the expenses out of the Hajj on their behalf. There are other endowments provide wedding dresses for brides who have families are unable to buy them, and other endowments for freeing the necks of the prisoners. There are endowments for passers-eighths of the proceeds to pay their own food and clothe and travel expenses of their countries. and there are endowments for the improvement and paving of the streets, because all the lanes in Damascus have pavements on either side by walking pedestrians, and riders Faamadon in the middle path. "
Ibn Battuta finally went for the Hajj. After spending the rituals of Hajj, he realized that the same more eager than ever to continue to travel. He did not have a particular country wants to destination, but his only goal is to visit as much as you can from the countries, but sought to be expressed in different paths. Thus the movement in the Middle East as a whole, from Ethiopia south to the north Persia. "Then we traveled to Baghdad, Dar es Salaam, the capital of Islam. Where I saw two bridges like the one in Hilla, Aabarhama people day and night, both men and women. Routes to Baghdad, many durable and perfectly, mostly plated Balzft from a spring between Kufa and Basra, flooding it with no interruption. And gather on the sides of the spring like clay Wegerv from there and brought him to Baghdad. in both the Institute of Baghdad, number of bathrooms its own, and in each font washing when one corners the water flows over it from Snburan one for hot water and the other for cold. and give each bather three towels, one for enveloped around his waist when he enters the and other enveloped around his waist when he comes out and dries out the third of his body. " Ibn Battuta then went north to explore the Caspian Sea and Black Sea and southern Russia. But later his travels was the most fun to the east in Asia. Was intended as India won the admiration of a Mughal emperor to his knowledge and his stories. And presentation of the emperor on the position of Ibn Battuta in his court a drink of milk. This allowed him the opportunity to roam all over India. Having gained a wealth of knowledge of India's north where the large number of his travels, the emperor sent an ambassador to India to China. And was destined for the trip to be the last before returning to his homeland of Ibn Battuta. Despite the distance meant he decided to Morocco. Has reached the north-west Africa in 1351. Before finally returning to Fez in Morocco in 1353 came out in a small trip to Spain, then in the trip south to the Sahara.
The country and book flightsIn Fez, Morocco impressed with Annan's son, Sultan (1348 - 1358 approximately) description of the very country that Ibn Battuta cut him and ordered him to Fez that is required and put these stories in a book. Indeed, with the help aspiring writer is Ibn al-Kalbi (1321 - 1356 approximately), A Ibn Battuta his famous book "flights" in four separate parts. Perhaps Ibn al have added to the book a little bit of narrative element from time to time in order to thrill and ease of communication with readers, but is generally believed that he committed himself completely as listed by Ibn Battuta. But the strange is that the book "flights" did not gain popularity in the West only relatively recently, in the nineteenth century, when increased communication with Europe and provided there is a book translated into English, French and other European languages. The researchers estimated the Europeans book flights as a highly important historical document.
After finishing the book the flights. Ibn Battuta did not come out, which is aging, not any lengthy trip to the desert or elsewhere. Instead he works in the judiciary and continue to disseminate the wisdom acquired during his travels. Despite the lack of adequate information about the final years of age, but we know that he died at the age of 65 years. After long years of his death under the Ibn Battuta travels the longest in the world. Today, Ibn Battuta took to well-deserved appreciation in the world of exploration. Feltkhalid unique achievements in the travel, scientists launched the era name of Ibn Battuta on one of the craters on the moon.

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السبت، 17 سبتمبر 2011

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Ibn Battuta

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