Ibn Battuta

The greatest traveler of Muslims, and most pontoons in the horizons, and Overhm active and inclusive news, and most care update for the social situation in the country, where he traveled. The interview goes long trips to events, radiating life, and testifies that Ibn Battuta was the adventurers who do not acknowledge their decision, and who are motivated by curiosity and the desire to enjoy life to ride hard things. Muhammad ibn Battuta was born in the city of Tangier year 703 AH / 1304 of a prominent family. He left his homeland 725 years for the performance of the Hajj, but remained about twenty-eight years in the travel-related trips and consecutive. And finally threw a stick traveling in the city of Fez, and called my father Bsultanha Marinid Annan, and was impressed by this authority, including the Ibn Battuta Iks talk of his travels, I ordered the author to write down you very much to the dictates of the traveler. He took Ibn Jizzi novel trip and summed up, arrange, and add some poetry to it and achieve some of their parts, drawing books flights, known in that era, especially flight Ibn Jabir, and then he called «a masterpiece principals in the Strange Things regions and wonders of travel», and finished them year 757 AH / 1356 AD.
Is Muhammad bin Abdullah bin Mohammed who Tunja, was born in 703 AH 1304. When he was twenty-second-old decided to leave the city of Tangier on a pilgrimage, and so went out Ibn Battuta from Marrakech passing Algeria, Tunisia and Libya to Egypt, to go south to the country level and follow through the Red Sea, but was unsuccessful in that he returned to Fustat and deported them to countries Sham and Hijaz for the Hajj pilgrimage to lead for the first time. When he arrived at Mecca and the Tour de come attached Bastar Kaaba, drinking from the water of Zamzam before seeking between Safa and Marwah. Description of Ibn Battuta Grand Mosque and the square and the doors also pointed to the role of Caliph al-Mahdi, son of Caliph Abu Jafar al-Mansur in the expansion of the mosque in 167 AH, and described the Kaaba: height, view, and doors and Ostarha and gutter the holy black stone, and pointed out that the door of the Kaaba is open after every Friday as well as opened on the birthday of the Prophet peace be upon him.
Kaaba was not without some professionalIbn Battuta and shows his surprise and admiration of the status of the Kaaba, while writing in his journey "of the wonders they are not without some professional ever day and night, did not say that one never saw her without some professional ..." After that he stopped at the Grand Mosque said the doors, and a description of Safa and Marwa and the distance between them, did not fail a male and a major commercial market to the side of the road. The Ibn Battuta to the virtues of the people of Mecca, describing them as the owners (Makarem full and good morals and altruism of the weak and out-good-neighborly and to the strangers) also pointed to the women of Mecca and he said they (with Salah and Afaf), noted guide them to circle the Holy Mosque in every Friday night and are in the best costume and radiant Accessories and good smell. Speaking of Ibn Battuta in his book about many of the scholars of Mecca and the city judge them Najm al-Din Muhammad al-Tabari and preacher of Mecca, Bahaa El Din al-Tabari. He also pointed to the Haram al-Sharif Imam Maliki, al-Faqih Abu Abdullah Muhammad, the imam of the Hanafi Shahabuddin Ahmed bin Ali and Imam Hanbali Muhammad ibn Uthman.
Eating once a dayDue to the stay of Ibn Battuta a long time in Mecca, waiting for the Hajj have noted some of the social customs of the inhabitants of that saying (and the people of Mecca did not eat in the day only once, and confined them to such time and wanted to eat throughout the day, eating dates and therefore correct their bodies and told them diseases and disabilities). He noted that once the stability of the new moon of Rajab, Emir of Mecca is beating drums and trumpets mark the onset of the month and went and rode it to circle the Sacred House. Also celebrated the people of Mecca to celebrate solemnly the umrah Rajab, Ibn Battuta said he saw the streets of Mecca for the twenty-seventh of Rajab was packed with pilgrims Balhoadj and the beauty of it and smoothing out to the front of candles and torches. Ibn Battuta did not forget to note the presence of the people of the vicinity of Mecca for Umrah after July to bring them grain, ghee, honey and other goods, which contributes to the provision of goods to the pilgrims at cheap prices as well. Attended by Ibn Battuta on the middle of August in Mecca stated that it is a blessed night when the people of Mecca, where the initiate where to cruise and prayer groups at the Grand Mosque after lighting the lamps and bulbs as well as the light of the moon, and they perform one hundred rak'ahs and some of them roam the Sacred House, and others came out of the in order to perform Umrah.
Ding thereabouts for the reception of RamadanAccording to Ibn Battuta that when the holy month of Ramadan for the year 726 AH is Emir of Mecca drums and thereabouts (machines, wooden high sound), and a ceremony for the Holy Mosque, which was renovated a few tags, and increased wax and torches it, as noted by the prayer behind the Imam different faiths around the Kaaba as well as the presence of many of the readers of the Koran so (.. do not stay on campus corner in one hand only and the reader to pray for his Firtj the mosque of the votes of readers, and fallen short of the soul, and prepare hearts). He also spoke of the time treat during Ramadan in Mecca, referring to the (muezzin Zemzemi ) in the silo in the eastern corner of the Temple Mount and pray male and incitement to suhoor in addition to many other callers. At the top of each silo in Mecca wooden stage was erected a big comment so that the Guendelan of glass the entire time so that if suhoor dawn approached ears are amortized these Alguendelan again and again and then begin muezzins in prayer. The inhabitants of Mecca who are not up to them as a result of prayer, they look at their homes away from the top surfaces of their homes if they saw Alguendelan Amadaan they Baltzhr If Rohma Mtafoan quit food.
The Ibn Battuta that the people of Mecca celebrating Balashr the first of Ramadan, who shall in every night one of the sons of leaders of Mecca seal of the Koran in front of judge and senior scholars, and after that held a platform decorated with silk to give a speech to the people of it, and after the completion of the engagement the father invited the audience to a feast house. Ibn Battuta and refers in particular to the night of the twenty-seventh is the greatest celebration of all other nights so that it is also the Qur'aan so that a high incidence of reading the Qur'an as well as a significant increase in candles and torches.
Similar accounts of travelers with the passage of timeWe can see here the similarity between the novel traveler Ibn Jabir Andalusian and narrated by Ibn Battuta Moroccan despite differences in time of the performance of the pilgrimage (the sixth to the eighth century AH) on how to receive the prince and the people of Mecca for Ramadan and how Altzhar and the use of lamps lit to that, as well as please the seal the Koran in the last ten nights of it and the people of Upper-class residents of Mecca, the seal of the Qur'an in the nights before a judge of Mecca and jurists, and then doing a keynote and affluent parents to establish their banquets of the population of Mecca. And celebrating the great night of the twenty-seventh of Ramadan and we can understand from the above that those good habits continued throughout two centuries as it is. Ibn Battuta describes the willingness of the Meccans to Astkabl Eid al-Fitr and remember that they lit their candles and torches and lamps so that the illuminated surface of the entire campus and spend the night in the muezzins acclaim and zoom in and praise, while taking present in the prayer, circumambulation, male and supplication. After emptying the people of Mecca to perform the morning prayer wearing the best of their clothes and head to perform the Eid prayer, the Noble Sanctuary and then people come to peace, shake hands and go to enter the Kaaba, and then go out to the cemetery gate Alli to visit the graves of companions and advances the common good.
Beating the drums for prayer!Ibn Battuta stayed in Makkah after that until the date of the first argument 726 AH mentions that he was rolling up (raise) the cover of the Kaaba or Kaaba ihraam the twenty-seventh day of Dhul preserve its push and pull, which can be exposed to him by the pilgrims and seem eager for. He also mentioned that once the solutions the first day of the month of Dhu al-Hijjah are beating the drums at times of prayer until the day of Arafat, and climb to the seventh day of the month, casting a sermon the Imam Mosque after noon prayers in order to teach people how to perform the Hajj. And climb were present for the performance of the duty to Mina on the eighth day, accompanied by the princes of Egypt and the Levant, Iraq and in the ninth day of Dhul-Hijjah is gone after everyone from Mina to Arafat, the morning prayer. He said that Eid was a pause on Thu, did not fail to point out some important figures that the performance of the rite of Hajj that year, including Prince Argon Aldoadar Viceroy al-Nasir Muhammad Mamluk, and his wife. Left Ibn Battuta, pilgrims and Arafat after sunset to Muzdalifah late, where the combined Maghrib and Isha as the year the Prophet peace be upon him and after that came the morning in Muzdalifah went to Mina, where he threw Jamra Aqaba, and the pilgrims slaughter and sacrifice, then shaved, and the sweet of everything with the exception of women and perfume, even ifaadah, and Ibn Battuta noted that the covering of the Kaaba came from Egypt, they cover the Kaaba by the Day of Sacrifice, describing it as a pitch-black silk, and written by many of the Quranic verses. Did not fail to point out that Nasser is the King who is the covering of the Kaaba as well as pension guaranteed by the judge and the Khatib and the imams and muezzins Lafrahin and what needs to Haram al-Sharif of wax and oil each year. After the completion of the Hajj for the first time, Ibn Battuta left Makkah towards Iraq on the twentieth of the month of Dhu al-Hijjah 726 AH.
Algeria and LibyaWhen he arrived in Algeria, a convoy of Ibn Battuta spent some time outside the walls of the city to join more pilgrims. When the city of Bejaia, Ibn Battuta's health deteriorated. However, it remained determined to go further and not being left behind because of his health. Referring to this incident, says: "If God died for me, it will be my death on the road, my face split Mimma Mecca." During the march of the convoy in the territory of Libya, Ibn Battuta found it appropriate for him to marry the daughter of a Tunisian trader with them in the convoy traveling to the Hajj. Ibn Battuta was married in the city of Tripoli, but the marriage did not last long because it opposes the new with diet. But it seems that this did not bother much Ibn Battuta speeches soon another girl is the daughter of pilgrims from Fez. This time the wedding was a full day of festivities.
Egypt and SyriaBegan approaching the convoy from Egypt. The stunned Cairo Ibn Battuta, as was as it is today, most Arab cities vocal and active, and this he decided to go in a few months. It is still before the Hajj in any case eight months. Cairo was as described by Ibn Battuta "mother of cities, mistress of broad provinces and territories of fruit, no limit to the multitude of buildings, peerless in beauty and splendor, the Forum Alraúh and goer, the market weak and the strong ... extend a tidal wave the sea, including the creation of barely Tsahm ..."
Ibn Battuta stayed in Cairo for about a month. When he left them decided to go it indirectly to Mecca as long as several months separated from the date of the pilgrimage. He went to Damascus, which was then the second capital of the Mamluk state in Egypt. This was not part of the journey of Ibn Battuta eventful, perhaps for the establishment of security in the relatively Mamluk era. But Damascus, Ibn Battuta charmed atmosphere of tolerance and solidarity that prevails there. Says about them: "diversity and expenses of religious endowments at Damascus are beyond computation. There are endowments for those unable pilgrimage to Mecca, which are paid the expenses out of the Hajj on their behalf. There are other endowments provide wedding dresses for brides who have families are unable to buy them, and other endowments for freeing the necks of the prisoners. There are endowments for passers-eighths of the proceeds to pay their own food and clothe and travel expenses of their countries. and there are endowments for the improvement and paving of the streets, because all the lanes in Damascus have pavements on either side by walking pedestrians, and riders Faamadon in the middle path. "
Ibn Battuta finally went for the Hajj. After spending the rituals of Hajj, he realized that the same more eager than ever to continue to travel. He did not have a particular country wants to destination, but his only goal is to visit as much as you can from the countries, but sought to be expressed in different paths. Thus the movement in the Middle East as a whole, from Ethiopia south to the north Persia. "Then we traveled to Baghdad, Dar es Salaam, the capital of Islam. Where I saw two bridges like the one in Hilla, Aabarhama people day and night, both men and women. Routes to Baghdad, many durable and perfectly, mostly plated Balzft from a spring between Kufa and Basra, flooding it with no interruption. And gather on the sides of the spring like clay Wegerv from there and brought him to Baghdad. in both the Institute of Baghdad, number of bathrooms its own, and in each font washing when one corners the water flows over it from Snburan one for hot water and the other for cold. and give each bather three towels, one for enveloped around his waist when he enters the and other enveloped around his waist when he comes out and dries out the third of his body. " Ibn Battuta then went north to explore the Caspian Sea and Black Sea and southern Russia. But later his travels was the most fun to the east in Asia. Was intended as India won the admiration of a Mughal emperor to his knowledge and his stories. And presentation of the emperor on the position of Ibn Battuta in his court a drink of milk. This allowed him the opportunity to roam all over India. Having gained a wealth of knowledge of India's north where the large number of his travels, the emperor sent an ambassador to India to China. And was destined for the trip to be the last before returning to his homeland of Ibn Battuta. Despite the distance meant he decided to Morocco. Has reached the north-west Africa in 1351. Before finally returning to Fez in Morocco in 1353 came out in a small trip to Spain, then in the trip south to the Sahara.
The country and book flightsIn Fez, Morocco impressed with Annan's son, Sultan (1348 - 1358 approximately) description of the very country that Ibn Battuta cut him and ordered him to Fez that is required and put these stories in a book. Indeed, with the help aspiring writer is Ibn al-Kalbi (1321 - 1356 approximately), A Ibn Battuta his famous book "flights" in four separate parts. Perhaps Ibn al have added to the book a little bit of narrative element from time to time in order to thrill and ease of communication with readers, but is generally believed that he committed himself completely as listed by Ibn Battuta. But the strange is that the book "flights" did not gain popularity in the West only relatively recently, in the nineteenth century, when increased communication with Europe and provided there is a book translated into English, French and other European languages. The researchers estimated the Europeans book flights as a highly important historical document.
After finishing the book the flights. Ibn Battuta did not come out, which is aging, not any lengthy trip to the desert or elsewhere. Instead he works in the judiciary and continue to disseminate the wisdom acquired during his travels. Despite the lack of adequate information about the final years of age, but we know that he died at the age of 65 years. After long years of his death under the Ibn Battuta travels the longest in the world. Today, Ibn Battuta took to well-deserved appreciation in the world of exploration. Feltkhalid unique achievements in the travel, scientists launched the era name of Ibn Battuta on one of the craters on the moon.

Mehdi Ben Barka

Mehdi Ben Barka was born in January 1920 in Rabat, Morocco, disappeared on October 29, 1965 in Fontna if Viscount northern France was political Moroccans, the largest opposition socialist of King Hassan II and the leader of the Third World and African Unity, according to information available in 2006 were followed up by Israeli Mossad and CIA, which were Takbran both Rabat and Paris, is the issue of Ben Barka code dark period under the rule of King Hassan II, and frozen for as long as the bilateral relations between France and MoroccoIn 1943 became professor of mathematics of the stages of secondary school, was arrested for the first time in 1944 by French authorities after he left with his peers to demand the independence of his country (Morocco) was a member of the Executive Committee was exiled to the south of Morocco by the French authorities and remained there until 1954, he founded the Patriotic Union of of Popular Forces, in the fall of 1963 he was sentenced to death by the Moroccan authorities which forced him out of his country and spent his life traveling between Cairo - Beirut - Paris, was the Mehdi Ben Barka of the fighters loyal to the cause of the Arab Maghreb and the liberalization of his country from French occupation, having got out of prison claimed the published political articles calling for the fight against the occupation and the expulsion of the occupation, prompting Morocco to track and arrest more than once and committed to prison.
The radiation Mehdi Ben Barka, exhibitions wicked regime of King Hassan II, may spread outside the country to be in addition to his leadership of the Party, the popular forces and the Moroccan left, one of the most prominent leaders of the liberation movement the world and a friend of the leaders, from China to Cuba, they were symbols of anti-American hegemony and Western countries in the world the third and managed through the Solidarity Organization Afro - Asian convince these countries to hold what is known as the Conference of the three continents that had been scheduled to take place in Ahavana beginning of 1966. The return for the union of his friends about the symbolism, uniting opponents of Ben Barka on the elimination target, according to the published documents, the decision was made in March 1965, between the Moroccan intelligence in coordination with the CIA and the cooperation with Israeli intelligence (Mossad) and some men of French intelligence, and prepared for that Court plan is to draw it to the French capital Paris and kidnap him without agreement on the post-abduction
The crime of kidnapping of French laborIn front of the restaurant lib in the rue Saint-Germain, in the heart of the French capital, the morning of October 29, 1965, where he was on a date with filmmaker French to prepare a film about the liberation movements, and this was the director involved in the scenario of the abduction, a man in police French of Ben Barka and asked him accompany him in a police car.
Characters of the crimeGeneral Mohamed Oufkir and was responsible for the Moroccan security services and hated sons of the Moroccan people because of his firm in the treatment of citizens, has been executed also in 1972 after a failed coup plotted against King Hassan II, has appeared his daughter on television and accused the Moroccan authorities to assassinate him, and there are also Ahmed al-Dulaimi, an officer in the Moroccan army, who was also charged in the assassination of Ben Barka, was al-Dulaimi, is responsible for organizing cooperation with the U.S. group that came to Morocco for the organization of the intelligence service and the establishment of a special device to foreigners. dear Mahi, also participated in the kidnapping and assassination, one of the Moroccan intelligence is intermediary between al-Dulaimi, and French (Lopez). Mr. Husseini, a client of the intelligence of Morocco and the Assistant Colonel Dulaimi, director of the Moroccan security is a nurse anesthesia in the task of the Moroccan police have played an important role in the kidnapping of Ben Barka in preparing a plan of kidnapping and assassination, with Col. Ahmed al-Dulaimi, and had attended to Paris before the assassination, eight months and, accompanied by al-Dulaimi. and names mentioned (Alsouti Arab) and (Ashashi Abdul Haq) and (Alatla Said) has said one accused the French press that he saw a general or a poor enters the room that held the Ben Barka was holds in his hand a dagger and the Mahdi was in a room, a warehouse in a poor state of the torture suffered by the men of Moroccan intelligence.
After that and until now disappeared after Ben Barka officially did not know, but what made it two policemen in front of a French court, which admitted that they were abducted Ben Barka in agreement with the Moroccan intelligence, and they took him to the villa on the outskirts of Paris, where a witness, General Mohamed Oufqir Interior Minister of Morocco at the time, along with Ahmed al-Dulaimi Director of the Moroccan intelligence and others of his men, and that Ben Barka had died during interrogation and torture. This novel of the parties agreed to participate to the crime or the family of Ben Barka and his colleagues, but after that still accounts for multiple different, and so far, despite the passage of forty years does not know the fate of Ben Barka's body was buried and where. All accounts are traded for the certification and do not carry it all confirmed.
Participants in the crime said the body was buried on the river SIM near the villa where he was held by Ahmed Bukhari former agent of the intelligence of Morocco said in 2001 it was flown after the assassination to Rabat on a plane Moroccan military was dissolved in a bath of acid in one of the headquarters secret intelligence Moroccan , and Moroccan newspapers spoke to the head only a transfer of bond and presented on the table for dinner in one of the royal palaces. Other accounts said that the transfer of the whole body of the ligament and was buried secret detention courtyard of the Moroccan intelligence known as f3.
Between this and that fact was lostThe late King Hassan II said that the assassination of a pool is one of the conspiracy and tried to assassinate him, referring to Gen. Mohammed Oufqir and General Ahmed al-Dulaimi. According to official sources, Morocco, the Moroccan King Mohammed VI told the concerned he did not know anything about the file Ben Barka and his late father did not inform him of anything and that he be allowed to go too far in the search for truth, and although it is still the truth is absent and the fate of Ben Barka unknown and the official authorities of Morocco not cooperating with the French judiciary, which seeks to reach the truth.
On the other hand after he made Ahmed Bukhari client Moroccan intelligence including made, years ago, the details about the kidnapping and the assassination of Ben Barka offers the Socialist Union of Popular Forces, which is the main party in government, filed a complaint against the Moroccan judiciary to investigate al-Bukhaari in what he said about the leader, especially as al-Bukhaari Turning to the places witnessed the preparation and implementation, and the names involved in all stages, including who is still alive. The family asked Ben Barka in France from the investigating judge hearing the case formally to the steam, but the Moroccan authorities said file a complaint of the Socialist Union had lost at the same time prevented from traveling by al-Bukhaari and withdrew his passport and have filed charges against him a check without balance

Abdelkrim Khattabi

Morocco has a personal impact on Moroccan history known as Abdelkrim a rural figures striving against foreign colonization of Morocco in this article we will try to shed light on this unique personal history and mark its inception in Moroccan history
Ould Mohamed Ben Abdelkrim years (1299 e = 1881) in the town of "Igdir" near Al Hoceima, Morocco, grew up under the aegis of his father, the leader or head of the tribe "Bani Rjagl", save Mohammed Abdelkrim little boy the Qur'an, then sent his father to the University of villagers city (Fez) to study forensic science and language, and after graduating from the University returned to Melilla, and worked as a religious judiciary, at the same time work in editing the newspaper "Telegraph countryside", and has helped all of that on the configuration of personal rhetoric was fate is his greatest tasks and leadership territory in the face of Spanish colonialism and the French. After the announcement of Spain's protection on the north of Morocco, and looked forward to gorging on the Rif region, hit the father of rhetorical leader of the tribe of Bani Rjagl, who refused to submit to the Spaniards, and offer their allegiance to General Spanish "Gooderana," and this led the dispute to the Spanish isolate rhetorical son for the judiciary, and imprisoned some a year after his release from prison and found his father is preparing to fight the Spanish, the letter the father died before achieving his wish in the Jihad Alemczudh Spaniards died in the year (1339 AH = 1920 AD), and was succeeded by his son Abdul Karim rhetoric in the leadership of his tribe.
In the meantime, the major powers then preparing to pounce on Morocco, and distribute it among themselves and distract the population structure to weaken but the composition of Morocco that time the Berber tribes in the middle and Arabs in the north and south will not disperse thing easy in this climate you do not Mohammed Abdelkrim The judge and the commander of rural to remain indifferent it was Morocco in the early twentieth century suffers from poor and deeply divided, a split of the ruling family and its internal conflicts, and the use of the parties to this conflict to remain on the throne by external forces, while the other side represents the competing colonial fierce between the major powers to control Morocco and secure its influence and interests therein, and in particular France, which was waiting for a chance to pounce on Morocco, but she found England, Germany, and parked her lookout; resorted to satisfy England by agreeing friendly year (1322 AH = 1904) which launched her hand in Morocco, and Germany was forced to give part of Cameroon, even recognizing the occupation of France to Marrakech (13 Dhul 1329 AH = November 4, 1911 m). Not enter France city of "Fez", or declaration of protection it easy easy; due to the nature of the mountainous country of cliffs, and the nature of the Berber population, who are accustomed to keep their independence internal to all central governments, and are therefore not subject to the country only after more than twenty year-old played the character Prince rhetorical play a major role in jihad and resistance, and described one of the officers of French adults of these brave resistance, saying: "I did not give any tribe without resistance; some even did not receive his weapon so exhausted all means of resistance, and marked every stage of our progress by fighting, Whenever we stopped Alemrakxion established a new front for many years forced our troops to stand caution and vigilance in the position of military disgrace. " And the imposition of French protection Morocco (12 April 1330 e = March 30, 1912 m) and a few days after the Moroccan revolution surge in Fez erupted when the army and the people, led by Mujahid "Ahmed the gift of God", and the victories, the dispute between the two teams, and ended up the death of the man, and enables French to extend their influence to Morocco during the First World War.
As a result of these battles successive Vajit population shared Spain and France's influence in Morocco, which was suffering from weakness and division and internal conflict, and the use of external forces, and resulted in this division that became the northern part of Morocco is subject to the control of Spanish, and this part is divided in turn to the section east of the known AQIM rural , West knows its mountains, stretching the country's rural areas along the coast for a distance of 120 miles, and extends an offer for a distance of 25 miles, and inhabited by tribes belong mostly to the Berber origin, comes in the forefront of the tribe of Bani and Rjagl, which belongs to Abdelkrim, who led the revolt against the Spaniards, and established emerging countries, and achieved great victories. And when the Spaniards carry out an expansionist policy in Marrakech, encountered strong opposition within Spain itself because of the defeats they have suffered at the hands of the Americans in the Philippines and Cuba, opposed the public opinion, the Spanish military adventures colonial, but supporters argued that the occupation of Marrakech is necessary to secure the ports, the Spanish South, which included men voice of religion to the military. The Spaniards know the severity of resistance to rural people for their expansion, Vaktefoa initially control of Ceuta and Melilla, and then moved later to the occupation of most of the coastal ports around the area of ​​influence, and the plan was based on the advancing Spanish troops across the Aljebalh to occupy the city of Tetouan, which agreed to be the capital of the Spanish, but in at Aljebalh is a strong leader, "Ahmed bin Mohammed Raïssouni" who carried the banner of resistance in the year (1330 AH = 1911 AD) until he took over from Prince rhetorical. The hit Raïssouni Spaniards when they invaded the port of authentic, which was dependent upon the import of arms, and then walked to the occupation of the city of Tetouan, fell clashes, including over Bsaleh it agreed to be the mountains and the interior of the Risona, and the coast to the Spaniards, but the Spaniards broke the Covenant, and chased him, and penetrated Aljebalh in the land of heavy losses, and were able to occupy the city of Chefchaouen in the most important city in the country (zero 1339 AH = October 1920).
Courage Mohammed Abdelkrim and his composureBiography AbdelkrimBegan danger intensifies the Spaniards, so they arrested him in 1915 on charges of tipping to the Ottomans and to the defense of the caliphate and inflame Islamic feeling (against the new crusaders), and their trial before the war a military, there have been a brave prince high and absolute trust in the religion that embraces.I turned to him Ganrl (ie Aspuro) head of the military, saying: Is it really works against the Allies? He said: Yes. Asked him: What is the reason for this? Prince Abdul Karim says: I said to him: Because of the Ottoman Empire entered the war as an Islamic Caliphate State, which stands next to Astoria, Germany, [Austria], and I am a Muslim Caliph and Marrakchi called jihad against the Allies to liberate our country is occupied by France and Spain. He said to him, General: What is your relationship with succession? He replied: It's all in the succession of Muslims all over the world, so I fight with them to the Allies ... General laughed and then said to him: I know you're a gentleman and a noble family are known, but not you know that Spain is committed to state neutrality, and you judge the judges in the protection zone? Said to him, Prince Abdul Karim: This does not prevent me from doing my duty, and I see a lot of Illatkm deal with the Germans who are here to feed the war against France next to Turkey, then if the job prevents me from doing national duty, I resigned from this job from now on to have enough time to do duty bound Ali ... Incarcerated Prince Abdul Kareem in prison, and began to fight bloody against the Spaniards Allowaghlin, who saw his arrest «hostage» for his father, who began his struggle against the Spaniards in the countryside Marrakchi, and try hero struggling to escape from prison, stood at the eleventh hour of the night by jumping from the highest tower in the castle to the ground by a rope hanging on the edge of iron by Vtdly tied with rope. But the rope did not reach to the ground leaving a period of time suspended in space, and then saw to jump the remaining distance, and the wind was very fierce, and he fell on his left leg as a result of balance of the intensity of the wind, broke his leg and encouraged his head out his hand for a detailed position.
And returned this time to two prisons prison entry and imprisonment of the disease, and the father of the Emir Abdelkader thing at a time when he was preparing to launch a major attack on the Spaniards, he wrote to the commander of the Spanish say to him: Do not think that the arrest and I have switched on and you in prison, prevent me from working against you, he and I and all family members are always ready to face the oppressors as they deserve. When the income of some officers at the prisoner and the Prince asked him to persuade his father to cease fighting the Spanish, and threatened him to prison «Malaga» criminals, a prison, he turned to Prince, saying: I can not, commander of the parents with something! It is telling me that I am obedient to him in everything, and I am ready to go to Scengm in Malaga, and you are unjust in any case, do not wait for me something other than this ...
Work of Abdul Karim then the organization of the army and the removal of obstacles that stand in the way of growth, not Tnasseh hostilities do the reforms that the country needs, systems of financial of the country that did not fall under the grip of colonial and fix the management and systems of trade and agriculture, meant the situation of rural health and education. The succession struggle with his soldiers who did not increase a thousand and six hundred Mujahid, with Spain in the west, as well as with the French from the south in the battles of a scorching successive, has hit the enemies, and affects the enemies of it, injuring their enemies with their faith and their weapons, and infects them enemies to ... Poison gas used by the Spaniards more than once.As intensified the impact of Prince Abdul Karim on the Spanish in which he defeated them in August of 1924, did not seek dictator Spanish «Primo de Rivera» but to assume military command himself to work to save his army, and negotiate with the French to do Benjdth, and resulted in his negotiations with them, It agreed Alqōtat French and Spanish in the fight against Abdul Karim, France was the most powerful nation in the wilderness of the world, and the Spanish army third European armies.
Meshaal rhetorical revolutionRhetoric was thirty-nine when he took the reins of power in the countryside, you may experience wisdom, and Osqlth days, and united the goal, continued onwards as if his father's determination to do to continue the jihad, and directed by Spaniards from the country. In the meantime, Gen. "Sylvester" - the commander of the Gaza Melilla - crawling towards the country's rural areas; to govern the control, and succeeded at first in taking on some areas, and try Abdelkrim to warn the general "Sylvester" of the consequences of continued progress, and to engage in regions do not recognize the Spanish foreign protection, but the general did not care for arrogant words of rhetoric, and continued progress in the occupation of the country itself Mmnaa countryside. The forces of General Spanish shining twenty-four thousand troops equipped with weapons and artillery, and did not encounter these forces in their drive in the country's rural areas, or resistance, and I think General that it is easy, and blinded by his ego that men Abdelkrim working to lure the troops into the mountains high, and its forces continued to Spanish in progress and small victories; even occupied the town looms in (7 Ramadan 1339 AH = 15 May 1921). Then began men Abdelkrim attack on all the sites occupied by the Spaniards, and surrounded these sites siege, and the failure of General in response to the attack, or help sites under siege, and his own force main, which is collected in the "loom" is threatened, having besieged and encircled rural men , and when he tried to withdraw his forces clashed with troops rhetoric in (16 Dhul 1339 AH = 22 July 1921) in a decisive battle known as the Battle (looms), and the crushing defeat of the Spanish troops; where exterminated most of the occupying army, and passed the Spanish they lost in those Antrh 15 thousand people, led by General "Sylvester," and was captured 570 prisoners, but the spoils of the weapons in the hands of the Mujahideen. Once the shot to news of the victory of rhetoric and his men in battle (looms), even endowed tribes countryside chasing the Spaniards wherever they are, for less than a week but may win the countryside for them, and became a Spanish limited to the city "Tetouan" and some of the forts in the mixer. Had the effect of this defeat loud a military coup in Spain led by "Premoda Rivera" the year (1342 AH = 1923 AD), but this did not alter the reality of the situation in Morocco, did not announce the new government to end its occupation of Morocco; which is called rhetoric to continue the jihad against , so the attack in year 1924, the city of "Tetouan", but it did not fall in his hand, despite the arrival of soldiers to the suburbs, and had the Spanish forces to withdraw from the interior, and concentrated in fortified positions on the coast, as they evacuated their positions in the territory of "mixer" , in late years (1343 AH = 1924 AD), after it proved unable to keep this region in front of rhetorical attacks.
On the other hand surprised the French victory at the rhetorical Spaniards, and had hoped otherwise, as Fjawa withdrawal of Spanish forces from the territory of mixer the whole; and so they decided to intervene in the fighting against the rhetoric in the interest of the Spaniards, and France fears that the success of the rhetoric in the revolution an incentive to the revolutions in North Africa against it, and the Republic of strong in rural areas pay the Moroccans to revolt against the French and the rejection of the French protectorate and raged France to fight the rhetoric to increase its forces in Morocco, and began looking for an excuse to intervene in the countryside, so they try to raise Prince rhetoric more than once to intervene in his area, and was rhetorical silent before these provocations; so do not fight on two fronts, and only condemned the aggression on the land belonging to him, and then by the French to encourage men of some Sufi orders to stir up some unrest, and unrest in the countryside, when they were confronted by rhetorical France intervened under the pretext of protecting its supporters, and fighting broke out between the rhetoric and the French in (Ramadan 1343 AH = 1925, April), and was surprised by the good organization of the French forces by the rhetoric, and Bpsahlthm in the fighting, so they had a commitment on the defensive for four months, and suffered some of their military losses.
SurrenderIt was agreed that the Spanish and French to crawl on the countryside in order to achieve a military liaison between the two countries and the burning of the countryside, dividing his forces into two parts; which exposes them to the position of military very critical, but the advent of winter Berudth for this crawl, and some military operations, and lost the rhetoric in those battles around 20 thousand martyrs , and remained beside him about 60 thousand combatants. Widened the war in (1344 AH = 1926) and renewed crawl and military cooperation, the full between Paris and Madrid with the surrounding coast Bosatilhma, lack of supplies in the countryside; because most of the fighters in the ranks of rhetoric from the farmers, and these do not work on their land over a year ago, and they are fighting in the front stretch to more than 300 km.
Took refuge in the French to pay Moroccan collaborators to invite the tribes to hold a separate peace with France or Spain in exchange for their needs of food, and found the rhetoric that wisdom requires the cessation of hostilities the mercy of the inhabitants of the countryside and tribes before Tlthmanm war, and accepted by the greedy French and Spanish and traitors of the Moroccans. The thought of a man to fight his own battles commando; in defense of his land and his religion, but his colleagues stopped him and advised him to negotiate, he decided to get his country and himself on the best terms, and not to be surrendered bowing or humiliation, and saw the surrender of the French as a prisoner of war, and broke into Bjawadh Air France In a wonderful scene in a rare (12 Dhul 1344 AH = May 25, 1926 m) and the fighting continued after the period. As is Vnafth France to Reunion Island in the remote Pacific after 13 thousand kilometers from home, who witnessed the birth and struggle.
It was a long night of captivity and exile Balkhtaba, his family and some of his followers a little over twenty years, spent in prayer and reading the Koran in that rocky island, suffered the lack of money, affecting the works with his hands to secure his living and his family, he bought a farm, and fought the gain of living, failed attempts to leave to any Arab or Islamic country; because France knew that the man holds in his heart the flame of freedom is not extinguished, and his words of self-determination are phrases stuffed with dynamite explosion of the revolutions and accepted by the souls of the free. In (1367 e = 1947), France decided to transfer rhetoric and his family to the press by the King Mohammed V of the constant demands for independence, but it Astjart of the frying pan into the fire, When they arrive, the ship that was carrying him to the port of Port enable some young Moroccans living in Egypt to visit him on board ship, and Rjoh to advance to resort to Egypt to continue the march of jihad for the liberation of Morocco, he agreed with this view provided that the Egyptian government agrees to his request, as suffered by a delegation from the Muslim Brotherhood welcoming him. It was agreed to his request, despite protests from the French ambassador in Egypt, and began the "rhetorical" a new era of national struggle for the liberation of his country, and founded with the sons of the Maghreb to the Commission launched the "Committee for the Liberation Maghreb", took over the presidency in (25 Muharram 1367 e = 9 December 1947). With Prince "Abdelkrim" resident in Cairo, following the activity of the Mujahideen of the sons of the Arab Maghreb living in Cairo, and giving them his advice and guidance Te, until he died in (1 of Ramadan 1382 AH = 6 February 1963).

Mohamed Allal El Fassi

Mohamed Allal Allal El Fassi Afassimamed born in the late October in 1326 AH / January 1910 and died 20 Rabi II 1394 AH / 1974. Is one of the pioneers of Islamic thought and political leader, hero of the struggle and resistance steadfast writer Mr. Al Khatib Mohamed Allal al-Khatib I mark by the teacher Mufti Abdul Wahid Ibn Abd al-Salam bin Allal Fihri proportions, forced then-Fassi and a generator house and the origin. Is the Arab family, a Muslim, proud of Arabism and Islam, jihad for the sake of God, who migrated from Andalusia to Morocco, and settled in the city of Fez, a family of science and virtue and religion, His father Abdul Wahid was the senior scholars of Morocco, was a teacher at the University of the villagers, and was a judge and a mufti , as were the ancestors of scientists, judges and the Mujahideen. He joined the Allal El Fassi, which is below the age of six the book, where the Quran and learn to read and write, and then studied at the villagers that he earned the World in 1932, and was where the talented, not only books of assessment, its importance and quantity, but added the decision is he finds his father in the library filled with books Vedrsha deeply, until he has obtained for the Queen of science led him to drinking one's fill a number of Arab sciences, historical, legal, philosophical, his research came a rich and accurate, which his family to be the leading Islamic thinkers.
Collection as well as political action and struggle the national leadership of thought, originality of opinion, and the ability to write, writing, knowledge of Islam, has struggled desperately against the French occupation of Morocco and the countries of the Maghreb, and lived in prisons and in exile for many years because of his defense on the issues of the nation and its legitimate right to gain independence and self-determination . A number of books in all areas of science and knowledge in Fiqh and Hadith, law, philosophy, politics, literature, sociology and language. In addition to concern political and social issues, especially the colonial and the issue of Palestine, which was one of the priorities of the preoccupations, it was the thinker, the late great interest in literature and poetry, but is one of the pioneers poem modern Moroccan, has left the chamber a major in three volumes, including his hair, who organized two-thirds in exile The foreign land, is all about religious issues, social, political and educational.
Allal El Fassi lifeDescended from Arab families long displaced from their place of dwellings Andalusia to Morocco maximum escape their religion and faith of the Spanish Inquisition and settled in Fez under the name between the grandfather and renowned Bal Fassi Fahri and contributed in all areas mystical, where she gave birth to scholars pundits and scholars Nharir and judges of the eminent authors proficient. Born Allal El Fassi Fez in late October in 1326 AH, when it came to age discrimination, introduced his father to the book to receive the principles of writing and reading, and the Quran on the jurist Muhammad five-year gifted with God in bold beautiful master and scholar Mohamed Alami, to save at an early age, and then His father moved to the school district located Arab Free Kulkulaian Fez old to learn the principles of religion and the rules of the Arabic language. In 1338 he joined the e Mosque of Amer villagers Artoa springs flowing from the abundant tables of the rich andReceived the international certificate, and after graduation became a volunteer in the various lessons of science Mosque villagers. In 1380 e was appointed Minister of State in charge of Islamic affairs and then withdrew from the government, accompanied by his comrades in the Party of Independence and in the year 1382, and was appointed professor at the Faculty of Law of the University of villagers back of Almehraz and the Faculties of Law and Literature of the University of Mohammed V in Rabat, and the House talk Hassania the same city, and was a member of Rapporteur-General in Commission code of Islamic scholarship, which was formed at the dawn of independence
Is the son of (the villagers) and the proud descendant of the family of scientific faith and converted to Islam and Arabism, as long as her children struggled to preserve a nation's belief, and the dissemination of Islam, its principles and good morals. This environment that made his passion for freedom Loving poetic and rational, and reluctant to tyranny and dictators and one-party rule, and monopolizing power without Shura and parliament and elections. And Jamal al-Din was a great role in the Afghan crystallized personal Mujahid Allal, through the teachings and ideas advocated by the Afghan, all radical ideas against tyranny and backwardness, stagnation and bow-feudal rulers and dictators. He also briefed on the call Salafism in the Orient, and reported them in the war waged by the myths and fads and all that is not linked to the Islam religion.
Allal El Fassi, leaderThe enemy, the usurper, who was not tired of thinking in the development of a cunning plan controlled by the country, and under his control, issuing a decision known Dahir Berber was designed to separate the nation into two groups, pushed the Berbers are not subject to Islamic law in the system of family and inheritance, and called for the exclusion of language Arab schools in the Berber, and that the Berber and French are the tool of education, was the purpose behind the Franch Morocco linguistically and politically, and teaching Berber everything except Islam. Allal El Fassi not stand idly hand over the cunning of these measures, making speeches, so he knows the people and the lessons home and the fact that what is being planned for them in secret, and it was the sincerity of his tone a significant impact on people respond to him, and went out mass demonstrations denouncing the policy of this malware. The subject occupied the French demonstrations violently adult, and arrested many of the demonstrators, among them Allal El Fassi, but the protests have intensified, and fierce, and protested against the Berbers themselves on this policy and Quaomoha strongly, did not find the ruling French seemed to release him and give up on the actions announced on the Berber .
After exit from prison Allal El Fassi began a new journey to educate people give lessons and lectures. These lessons have attracted the attention of Moroccan men and women, not only this, he chose a group of colleagues, and dispatched to various villages to spread awareness and correct ideas and fueling nationalist sentiment. As a result, the French occupied issued an arrest warrant Allal El Fassi. In pregnancy (28 Shaaban 1356 AH / 3 November 1937) in a private plane to exile in Gabon in equatorial Africa, nine remained in exile in Swat. After Neil Morocco independence years (1375 AH / 1955) and the return of King Mohammed V to the throne returned Allal El Fassi to his homeland after an absence of ten years he spent in Cairo, and resumed his old Vetoly presidency of the Independence Party, which was established before, and was named a key member of the Council of the Constitution to put the country's constitution , and was elected its president, and submitted a draft Basic Law, and participated in laying the foundations first constitution of 1962, and entered the election year (1383 AH / 1963 AD) and entered the ministry, and to Him is due the credit for creating a project of the Ministry of State in charge of Islamic affairs. In addition, elected a correspondent member of the Arabic Language Academy in Damascus, and the Arabic Language Academy in Cairo.
Allal El Fassi writerThe literary production and his scientific research often has directed Allal El Fassi more than twenty books in the fields of culture, different motion, in the history book: "independence movements in the Maghreb" at the behest of the Arab League, an offer to a summary of the situation in the Maghreb in the forms of different , and his book: "the Arab Maghreb since the First World War" and lectures originally delivered in 1955 to students in the Department of Historical Studies and the Institute of Geographical Studies in the Arab of the Arab League. In the area of ​​Islamic law put his famous book: "Islamic law and Mkarmea" which is basically lectures to law students at the University of Mohammed V in Rabat, and students of the Faculty of Law in Fez and law at the University of the villagers, and the book: "defend the law," written to reflect the reality of law and what they Pros and their advantages and being a law valid for every time and place with a statement of intent brutal colonial laws. He also has two books two relate to these topics, namely: "The entrance of Islamic jurisprudence," and "History of Islamic legislation," explained the two definitive evidence that the Western laws and even doctrine in the Roman image that exists today affected by Islamic jurisprudence and derived from it by commentators and interpreters who drove them school Bologna, Italy and other European schools, and those affected by Arab culture and their connection through Andalusia. The most important of his books: "self-criticism" which included most of the opinions and directions of reform, was written in 1949, when he was resident in Cairo, and select the approach the intellectual construction of independent Morocco, taking of liberty and thought the basis for all success, and calling to spread freedom of thought so as not to remain restricted on a particular class or restricted to a special category.
And A in the field of economics, sociology, unity and solidarity of several books, including "Battle of today and tomorrow", and "always with the people," and "faith and jihad."
HisAllah's mercy has left much of the literature in various subjects, including- Protection of those destinations in Marrakech, historical and legal- Independence movements in the Maghreb- Berber policy in Morocco- Self-criticism- The Maghreb of the First World War to today- Modern Morocco in the Levant- The doctrine of Jihad- Approach to independence- Mphasd Islamic law and Mkarmea- Defend the law- The correct answer and advice in the pure and Fez coming down to the principle of the Islamic month of Arab- Battle of today and tomorrow- Not to forget- Lectures from the task of scholars of Islam- Ideal in the validity and reliability and good representation- Struggle of Imam Malik and his doctrine of men- The reality of the Islamic world- Medial Moroccan- Desert Morocco usurped- Islam and the challenges of the times- Defense of the authenticity- In the economic doctrines- A version of worship: Is it correct to release other than God- Research Group in the literature and meeting- Is the human need to philosophy?- Date of Islamic law- Explain the Code of Personal Status- Advanced search for different philosophical theories and meet her freedom the Islamic- Documents the history of the Moroccan resistance
This increase on another set of speeches, lectures, and political memoirs and poems, articles and research published in the mothers daily and weekly newspapers and periodicals. Osdermgelh as "evidence" and the newspaper "the Moroccan desert," and "beautiful," as his pen line collection of books in French. The shares may God have mercy on him his share in the field of hair spacious and excelled in his loan at an early age and wrote many poems sleepless and counties and Aleragiz on various topics, from religious, political, social, historical and national rebellious and enthusiastic motorcycle which his family because nicknamed the right and deserved poet of youth.
And deathAnd God willing, to provide the Allal El Fassi Mnath is in the field of work and struggle, where he died in Bucharest, the capital of Romania, which is presented to the president his impressions of his visit by the delegation of the Independence Party Moroccan chair, and explains the case of Morocco and the desert of Morocco, the Palestinian people's struggle for their freedom and land , and his soul went out on Monday afternoon (20 Rabi 1394 AH / 13 May 1974).
Allal El Fassi in BriefAllal Abdul Wahid Abdel Salam Majzoub Allal El Fassi.Born in Fez in Morocco in 1908.Learn the Koran and Arabic Sciences.Received the international certificate from the University of villagers in 1932.Established a school of Nasiriyah for space science and religion was one of its teachers.A secret society called "mass action" National resistance to French occupation.Vaatgulwh opposed the French and beat him and expelled to the city of Taza, and then returned.Was always trying to enlighten people the realities of religion.He founded the first trade union to defend their rights.Established the Independence Party of Morocco.Traveled to France and then to Egypt to defend his country and the issues to prevent the French came back from entering the country.Was held evening classes at the University of villagers and deliver the lessons of history on his listeners to send in the Islamic people of the Islamic spirit of resistance to tyranny and injustice.Contact Mujahideen and prominent Islamic figures such as Prince Shakib Arslan.French administration tried to lure money and position but he refused.Banned from teaching in the university opened his home to his disciples and his followers and took lessons thrown in it.Denied by the French back to Gabon for a period of 9 years.Announced after his return from exile militant jihad Flahakth the French government.Let him share the Mohammed V - after independence - in the development of the country's constitution.Appointed Minister of State for Islamic Affairs.Member of the Arabic Language Academy in Cairo.Member of the Scientific Assembly in Damascus.Was a poet, and his poems in a poem: "the persecution of the language of the Qur'an":
When the language of the Koran to persecuteTransgress and father in law and family child
As pivotal as promised in the ageAnd below them in the universe Mmelthadd
You will not have people in the listOr correct them to live as they have sought
If not they know BaldhadOr complete them in the belief daad
When he learned the news of a setback in 1967, said: "What was God to grant victory to a war led by Sayyid Qutb, a killer."The work of teaching in the Faculty of Law.His works include: "Here Cairo" and "defend the law" and the purposes of Islamic law and Mkarmea "and others.Suffered a heart attack in Bucharest, Romania, a visit he died by the year 1974 and transferred to Rabat